Labour law refers to the complex set of legal principles and regulations that govern the dynamics between employees and employers. These laws form an integral part of social legislation, aiming at ensuring fair terms of employment, preventing exploitation and promoting a beneficial environment for both workers and employers. In this article, we will dive deep into various facets of labour law, exploring key legal perspectives to understand the balance it strikes between worker rights and employer obligations.

Labour laws are extensive and cover a wide range of domains, including but not limited to, the conditions of employment, dispute resolution, collective bargaining, discrimination in employment, and workplace safety and health regulations. By encompassing all these facets, labour laws ensure the creation of a comprehensive and equitable work environment.

Who is Labour or workmen?

According to the Industrial Disputes Act, Section 2(s), a workman is defined as any person, including an apprentice, employed in any industry to do any manual, unskilled, skilled, technical, operational, clerical, or supervisory work for hire or reward. It includes individuals employed in factories, mines, plantations, workshops, and establishments engaged in various industries.

The Act further clarifies that certain categories of employees do not fall under the definition of workmen. This includes managerial or administrative employees, persons employed in a supervisory capacity and drawing wages above a specified limit (currently Rs. 18,000 per month), and those performing mainly supervisory or administrative functions.

It is important to note that the definition of workmen may vary slightly in different acts or regulations within the Indian labour law framework, depending on the specific context and purpose of the legislation. However, the definition under the Industrial Disputes Act generally provides the basis for identifying workmen and determining their rights and protections under labour laws in India.

Key Principles of Labour Law

1. Freedom of Association: Labour law typically recognizes the right of employees to join or form labour unions to collectively negotiate with employers. This principle ensures that workers can voice their concerns, negotiate for better conditions, and seek fair compensation without fear of retaliation.
2. Collective Bargaining: This principle enables employees to collectively bargain with their employers to establish employment terms and conditions. This can involve negotiations on wages, benefits, working hours, and workplace safety. The following are additional topics addressed in collective bargaining:

• Acknowledgement of a union or unions, Pay and benefits.
• Work hours, vacation time, and public holidays.
• Standard labour force, profit-sharing and bonus programs.
• The subject matter also includes seniority, rationalization, and problems with workload fixation.
• The planning and development programs.
• concerns about layoffs and retrenchments.
• provident funds, gratuities, and additional incentive and retirement benefit schemes.

1. Minimum Wage and Overtime: Labour laws often set a minimum wage to ensure that workers are paid fairly for their labour. Additionally, they regulate overtime pay for hours worked beyond the standard workweek. The Factories Act of India, 1948, specifically addresses the working hours of employees under section 59(1). According to this clause, adult manufacturing workers are not permitted or compelled to work more than nine hours a day or forty-eight hours a week. In addition, they are eligible for overtime pay, which is double what they would normally get.

Overtime compensation is included under Section 14 of the Minimum Wages Act of 1948. According to this section, the employer is obligated to compensate the employee for any extra hours worked beyond the required time, with either the overtime rate stated in this Act or the rate specified by the applicable government law, whichever is higher.

The revised minimum wage rate increases a skilled worker's monthly pay from Rs 20,903 to Rs 21,215 per month. The semi-skilled worker's pay has increased from Rs 18,993 to Rs 19,279 presently. Conversely, the monthly earnings of unskilled laborers have increased by Rs 260, from Rs 17,234 to Rs 17,494. The non-matric staff's salary has increased to Rs 19,279 from Rs 18,993 in accordance with the revised rates. In a similar vein, non-graduate staff members' monthly salaries have increased from Rs 20,903 to Rs 21,215.

1. Non-Discrimination: Labour laws prohibit discrimination based on race, gender, age, disability, religion, or other protected characteristics in the workplace. Employers are required to provide equal opportunities to all employees.
2. Health and Safety Regulations: Employers must provide and maintain social services for their workers as the Central Government deems appropriate. These services may include:

1. inappropriate and appropriate bathing facilities for male and female employees separately;
2. bathrooms and locker rooms for male, female, and transgender staff separately;
3. housing arrangements for all mandatory labour;
4. non-removable cabinets or first aid boxes with easily accessible contents at all times of operation; and
5. any other social security measures that the Central Government deems necessary, subject to the circumstances, as required by the appropriate standard of living of these workers.

Furthermore, the Central Government has the authority to order, among other things, the provision of

(i) cleanliness and hygiene;

(ii) air, heat, and humidity;

(iii) an irreversible level of humidity;

(iv) drinking water;

(v) unfavourable lighting;

(vi) irreversible standards to prevent congestion, and so on.

Conclusion: